Contoh Membuat Tugas CONVERSATION OF ANALYSIS

CONVERSATION OF ANALYSIS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background or rational

Conversation analysis (commonly abbreviated as CA) is the study of talk in interaction (both verbal-non verbal in situations of everyday life). It’s generally attempts to describe the orderliness, structure and sequential patterns of interaction, whether institusional.

The use of the term “conversation” to label this disciplinary movement is sometimes considered to be misleading. For instance, one of CA’s principal parctitioners, Emanuel Schegloff, has more recently identified “talk-in-interaction” as CA’s topic.

1.2 Purpose

        The important point for our present purpose is that we know how to correct the mistake. We can recognize our own mistakes.

CHAPTER II

ANALYSIS

2.1. Definition of Conversation Analysis

            Conversation analysis is an approach to the study of natural conversation, especially with a view to determining the following :

-          Participants’ methods of turn-taking, constructing seauences of utterances across turns, identifying and repairing problems, and employing gaze and movement.

-          How conversation works in different conventional settings.

2.2   Examples

            Here are some examples of coventional settings in which conversation analysis could take place :

-          Interview

-          Court hearings

-          Telephone conversations

-          Card games

One very common structure that has been identified. This is an ordered pair of adjacent utterance spoken by two different speakers. Once the first utterance is spoken, the second is required.

-          Summons—answer

Can I get some help here ?

On my way

CA analysis

As in all research, conversational analysis begins by setting up a research problem. The data collected for CA is in the form of video or audio recorded conversations. The data is collected without researchers’ involvement, often simply by adding a video camera to the room where the conversation take place (e.g. medical doctors consultation with a patient). From the audio or video recording the researchers construct a detailed transcrpition (ideally) with no details left out). After transcription, the researchers perform inductive data-driven analysis aiming to find recurring patterns of interaction. Based on the analysis, the researchers develop a rule or model to explain the occurence of the patterns. 

Contrasts to other theories

Contrast to the research inspired by Noam Chomsky, which is based on a distraction between competence and performence and dismisses the particulars of actual speech as a degraded from of idealized competence, Conversation Analysis studies naturally-occuring talk on the assumption that spoken interaction is sytematically orderly in all its facets (cf. Sacks in Atkinson and Heritage 1984 : 21-27). In contrast to the theory developed by John Gumperz, CA maintains it is possible to analyze talk-in-interaction by examining its recordings alone (audio for telephone, video for copresent interaction). CA researchers do not believe thet the researcher needs to consult with the talk participants or members of their speech community.

Application in other fields

In recent years, CA has been employed by reserchers in other fields, such as feminism and feminist linguistics, or used in complement with other theories, such as Membership Caregorization Analysis (MCA). Elizabeth Stoke argues thet ethnomethodology’s egalitarian creed reflects the egalitarian ethos in feminism. Tradisional feminist concern can be explored from an ethnomethodological standpoint, since oppression is not a once and for all phenomenon but the processes involved in defining social reality produces and reproduces oppression daily. Thus, the gendered properties of social life, routinely taken-for-granted as natural and transitutional, are best understood as situated accomplishments of local interactions. MCA was influenced by the work on Harvey Sacks and his work on Membership Categorization Divice (MCD). Sacks argues that ‘members’ categories comprise part of the central machinery of organization and developed the notion of MCD to explain how categories can be hearably linked together by native speakers of culture. His example that is taken from a children’s storybook (the baby cried. The mommy picked it up). Show how “mommy” is interpreted as the mother of the baby by speakers of the same culture. In light of this, categories are inference rich – a great deal of knowledge members of a society have about the society is stored in terms of these categories. Stokoe further contends that members’ practical categorizations from part of ethnomethodology’s description of the ongoing production and realizationof ‘facts ‘ about social life and including members’ gendered reality analysis, thus making CA compatible with feminist studies. 

Subject indues of coversation analysis literature

The following is a list of important phenomena identified in the conversation analysis literature, followed by a brief definition and citations to articles that examine the named phenomenon either empirically or theoretically. Articles in which the term for the phenomenon are bold, those that are otherwise centrally concerned with the phrnomenon are italics, and the rest are articles that otherwise aim to make a significant contibution to an understanding of the phenomenon.

This list is incomplete: you can help by expanding it.

TURN – TAKING

            A processed by which interactants allocate the right or obligation to participate in an interactional activity. (sacks, schegloff, & jefferson, 1974)

REPAIRED

            The machanisms through which certain “troubles” in interaction are dealt with. (schegloff, jeffereson, & sacks 1977)

PREFERENCE ORGANIZATION

            The ways through which different types of social actions (‘preferred’ vs ‘dispreferred’) are carried out sequentially. (Pomerantz. 1978. Pomerantz 1984)

CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION

Conversation analysis (commonly abbreviated as CA) is the study of talk in interaction so the use of the term “conversation” to label this disciplinary movement is sometimes considered to be misleading.

conversational analysis begins by setting up a research problem. The data collected for CA is in the form of video or audio recorded conversations